Istanbul University Research Articles

Culturally adapted Turkish version of an internet-based mindfulness intervention for university students: a randomized controlled feasibility trial

Abstract Background Studying at university is a stressful time for many, which might result in the development of mental health problems. In the first wave of Covid-19, university students in Turkey reported suffering from an elevated level of stress compared to their peers in other countries. Mindfulness-based interventions could provide the means of successfully decreasing the stress level of university students. Moreover, offering interventions via the Internet could be a scalable option to prevent and treat mental health problems, while offering time/place flexibility, anonymity, and cost-effectiveness. Method In a randomized controlled trial of parallel design, the feasibility of a culturally adapted internet- and mobile-based intervention (IMI) (StudiCareM-TR) to promote mindfulness among Turkish-speaking university students was tested. Participants (N = 58) of a public university in Istanbul were randomized into an intervention (IG) vs. waitlist control group (WL). Measurements took place at baseline (t0) and 10 weeks post-randomization (t1). Intervention adherence, acceptance, and potential negative effects were feasibility outcomes. Levels of mindfulness, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and wellbeing were analyzed in linear regression models to assess the potential efficacy of StudiCareM-TR. All analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat sample, adjusting for baseline values. Results Based on participants’ feedback, StudiCareM-TR was perceived as acceptable, resulted in few negative effects (n = 7), and yielded improvements in mindfulness (β = 0.70) and presenteeism (β = − 0.61) compared to WL. Secondary outcomes of depression, anxiety, stress, and wellbeing did not show significant improvements. Assessment dropout was 31% (IG: 50%: WL: 89%), and intervention dropout was 45%. Conclusions StudiCareM-TR is feasible and acceptable to use among university students in Turkey and has the potential to improve their mindfulness levels. The intervention should be further developed with a focus on engagement-facilitating features in order to reduce intervention dropouts. Trial registration ID DRKS00024557.

A scaffolded speaking and writing ELP course for commercial lawyers: An action research case study from an undergraduate law school in Istanbul

The author used action research to implement significant changes to an English for Specific Legal Purposes (ELP) course at a private university in Istanbul to meet the professional discourse needs of Turkish law students. The previous syllabus was focused on American Supreme Court case reports; however most of the students would mainly use English to advise on contracts in commercial law practice. Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) and genre analytical methodologies were used to develop pedagogy for the new syllabus, which was scaffolded so that students began learning the functional organization and lexico-grammatical properties of a contract before participating in an oral advice role play activity and writing a letter of advice about it to a hypothetical client. In conjunction with discussion of the pedagogical rationales for syllabus design and instructional activities, observations of student participation in the oral advice activity and feedback on a student example of the letter assessment are presented to critically reflect on the utility of this ELP course designed to help undergraduate law students to discursively function as lawyers, especially those learners from non-English speaking backgrounds, who need to communicate in English as the primary lingua franca for international legal practice.

A Field Study of Individual, Energy-Efficient, and Human-Centered Indoor Electric Lighting: Its Impact on Comfort and Visual Performance in an Open-Plan Office Part 1

In this field study, we examined the impact of human-centered lighting on an open-plan office environment, involving the participation of sixty office workers. The objective was to investigate the effects of the Circadian Stimulus (CS) and Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) metrics. This study took place at Istanbul Technical University in Istanbul, Turkey. The office was equipped with single Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) light emitting diode (LED) sources, featuring two different light beam distributions: Direct Suspended Linear (L1) and Direct and Indirect Suspended Linear (L2). To minimize energy consumption, we proposed simulations for a suspended individual lighting system. The office workers were invited to complete visual cognitive performance tests, proofreading tasks, and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) test to measure alertness. Additionally, participants were asked to provide feedback on the comfort criteria associated with the designed human-centered lighting concept. The preliminary findings from part 1 of this field study shed light on the potential of office lighting modifications in enhancing energy efficiency and meeting the standards set by WELL v2 2023 Q4 and UL Design Guideline 24480 (2019). Part 2 of this study will further optimize the proposed lighting quality concept to determine the most suitable individual lighting solution for office workers.

Abstract 3749: The evaluation of expression level of Cxcl12 gene in peripheral blood samples of breast cancer patients

Abstract Breast cancer, like many other cancer types, is linked to the activation and overexpression of CXCR4. The overexpression of CXCR4 is associated with factors such as tumor growth, angiogenesis, increased metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Similarly, CXCL12, a specific ligand for CXCR4, plays a significant role in tumorigenesis processes, including survival, migration, and microenvironmental interactions. The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway has been found to impact the development and progression of breast cancer, regulating proliferation, motility, and metastasis. Hence, molecules within the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway hold promise for determining breast cancer prognosis, treatment monitoring, and serving as therapeutic agents. The study, conducted at the Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, obtained ethical approval from the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee. Genetic materials from 300 breast cancer patients and 150 control subjects underwent standard testing, matched based on crucial parameters. Real-time PCR with the MIC qPCR Cycler was statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism (p < 0.05). Descriptive statistics were presented for categorical and quantitative variables, while the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test assessed the normal distribution of quantitative variables. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. was used for calculations. Notably, among the three genes—LASP1, CXCL12, and CXCR4—LASP1 exhibited the highest mean expression level at 11.64 with a considerable standard deviation of 11.80. In contrast, CXCL12 had a much lower mean expression level at 2.96 and a tighter distribution, and CXCR4 displayed the lowest mean expression level at 0.37 with a standard deviation of 0.74. The analysis of diagnostic groups indicated no significant differences in mean LASP1 and CXCL12 levels, but a significant variance in mean CXCR4 levels (p<0.001). Specifically, CXCR4 expression in group Breast and ovarian cancer was notably lower compared to Breast cancer, Bilateral Breast cancer, and Breast and Other cancer, while group Breast cancer exhibited significantly lower CXCR4 expression compared to groups Bilateral Breast cancer and Breast and Other cancer. However, there was no significant difference in CXCR4 expression between groups of Bilateral Breast cancer and Breast and Other cancer. These findings reveal distinct expression patterns of CXCR4 across diagnostic groups, suggesting potential implications for diagnostic categorization and underlying molecular pathways in breast cancer. Understanding these expression disparities could be crucial in deciphering the molecular intricacies influencing disease progression and treatment responses. Citation Format: Arash Adamnejad Ghafour, Seref Bugra Tuncer. The evaluation of expression level of Cxcl12 gene in peripheral blood samples of breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3749.

Impact of Using Authentic Videos on Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning

This study investigated the impact of authentic video use on the vocabulary reservoir of English language learners and aimed to compare the effectiveness of this technique to traditional techniques. The study included 45 students in two language classes with B1 English proficiency levels. The language context took place in a preparatory school at a foundation university in Istanbul. Half of the 45 students were chosen as the control group, and the other half became the experimental group. In the control group, the students were taught target vocabulary merely by the definitions and translations provided by the teacher. The experimental group was taught vocabulary using short excerpts from authentic videos such as different series, movies, and songs. The study lasted seven weeks. A pretest and post-test were given to both participant groups to assess their vocabulary discernment. The results of the quantitative data demonstrated that the experimental group was much more successful in their vocabulary learning process than the control group as the test fort he vocabulary recognition indicated, and each student had significant improvement in their target vocabulary knowledge, proven by the number of correct answers marked in the vocabulary test. In addition to the quantitative data, interviews with 6 open-ended questions, provided a deeper understanding of students' views about authentic video excerpts. Interviews were conducted with 10 students from the experimental group. The results indicated that students had positive attitudes toward the use of authentic video excerpts in the language classroom and expressed support for being more effective in vocabulary building.

Understanding the Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Well-Being: Perspectives of Turkish Faculty Members

Objective: The purpose of our quantitative correlational study is to investigate the relationship between the perceived organizational support of faculty members and their psychological well-being. Methods: Our study included 450 faculty members from state universities in Istanbul who were selected using a simple random sampling method. We used descriptive statistics, <em>t</em>-test, ANOVA, and linear multiple regression analyses. Results: We found that faculty perceptions of organizational support and psychological well-being vary according to academic title and tenure and are not different by gender. Perceived organizational support significantly predicted psychological well-being while controlling for gender, academic title, and tenure. Conclusions: Ensuring organizational support for faculty can positively impact their psychological well-being. Implication for Practice: Higher education institutions should diversify resources of support for faculty and make this approach a priority for the administration. The institution should make organizational changes that consider the needs and expectations of faculty members.

Empowering mentor teachers for supervision through an online mentor training program

AbstractThe study focused on the improvement of supervisory skills among mentor teachers in K‐12 who work with student teachers in an English language teaching program of an English‐medium state university in Istanbul, Turkey. The researchers explored how the mentor teachers' supervisory skills, namely observation and giving feedback, were improved after participating in an online mentor training program. The training program was designed based on Morrison et al.'s (2013) instructional design model and implemented for seven mentors during the practicum period. The program included mentoring tasks that asked mentor teachers to organize reciprocal observation sessions with the student teachers, followed by mutual feedback discussions. The researchers investigated the influence of the tasks through thematic analysis of the mentor teachers' reflection reports. The data showed that the tasks improved mentor teachers' understanding and practice of the supervision process and increased their awareness of their own teaching practices by promoting personal and professional growth. The results suggest that an online mentor training program may have the potential to empower mentor teachers both for their supervisory roles and ongoing professional development.

Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the nasolacrimal groove in 150 dry bones in the Anatolian population.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anatomical features of the nasolacrimal groove in detail by providing a morphological classification based on morphometric evaluations of the nasolacrimal groove. A total of 150 sagittal dry bones in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University were evaluated. The length and the width at different points of the nasolacrimal canal were calculated. According to the widths of the nasolacrimal canal ten different morphological types were revealed. The length of the canal was found as mean 13.62 ± 2.42mm on the right and 12.44 ± 2.68mm on the left side. The entrance, the base, the upper and the lower thirds of nasolacrimal canal were 6.22 ± 1.19mm, 7.95 ± 1.85mm, 5.85 ± 1.06mm, 6.60 ± 1.54mm, on the right and 6.08 ± 1.16mm, 7.24 ± 1.64mm, 5.45 ± 1.29mm, 6.23 ± 1.48mm, on the left side, respectively. The width of the entrance of the nasolacrimal canal was the narrowest width compared to the base, upper and lower thirds in 7/10 types of 71/150 cranial bones. This comprehensive morphological classification of the nasolacrimal groove sheds new light on its complex variations. We support that the finding of this study has the potential to improve the precision of diagnostic assessments and guide specific therapeutic interventions for patients with lacrimal drainage disorders.

An interdisciplinary Congress on Ottoman Astronomy at Istanbul University

An interdisciplinary Congress on Ottoman Astronomy at Istanbul University

Evaluation of the Perceptions and Attitudes towards Dating Violence among Medical Students

Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes of medical students about dating violence. 
 Methods: In the descriptive study, the universe was medical students of 1st-6th grade in a state university in Istanbul. A questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions (18 questions), Dating Violence Attitude Scale (DVAS), Dating Violence Perception Scale (DVPS) was sent to the participants by mobilephone via WhatApp. 
 Results: The median age of 339 students who answered the questionnaire was 21.0 (17.0-29.0). Of the students 61.4% (n=208) were women. The rates of students who used nicotine and alcohol were 53.4% (n=181) and 58.4% (n=198), respectively. Of the students 67.3% (n=228) had a dating relationship before, and 30.4% (n=103) had current relationship. Of the students had a dating relationship before, 23.7% (n=54) had experienced dating violence in their past relationship, and 14.6% (n=15) of the students who had a current dating relationship had experienced dating violence in their current relationship. Students who used nicotine and alcohol were exposed to a higher rate of dating violence. While the total scores of DVAS of women were higher than men, the total scores of DVPS were significantly lower (p

Effect of N-acetyl cysteine, rifampicin, and ozone on biofilm formation in pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: an experimental study.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of specific concentrations of antibiofilm agents, such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), rifampicin, and ozone, for the treatment of pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PRKp). We evaluated the effectiveness of antibiofilm agents, such as NAC, rifampicin, and ozone, on biofilm formation in PRKp at 2, 6, 24, and 72 h. This single-center experimental study was conducted on June 15, 2017, and July 15, 2018, at Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. Biofilm formation and the efficacy of these agents on the biofilm layer were demonstrated using colony counting and laser-screened confocal microscopy. NAC at a final concentration of 2 μg/mL was administered to bacteria that formed biofilms (24 h), and no significant decrease was detected in the bacterial counts of all isolates (all P > 0.05). Rifampicin with a final concentration of 0.1 μg/mL was administered to bacteria that formed biofilm (24 h), and no significant decrease was detected in bacterial count (all P > 0.05). Notably, ozonated water of even 4.78 mg/L concentration for 72 h decreased the bacterial count by ≥ 2 log10. Different approaches are needed for treating PRKp isolates. We demonstrate that PRKp isolates can be successfully treated with higher concentrations of ozone.

‘Behind bars, beyond borders’: solidarity in the face of the criminalisation of a social work human rights defender

This commentary piece is written by Bilal Yildiz, a social worker in Turkey and a human rights defender. It tells the story of his arrest on trumped-up charges and the continuing threat to his freedom as a result of his social work activities. Bilal graduated from Istanbul University, Department of Social Work, and continues his master’s programme in human rights law at Istanbul Bilgi University. He has been working as a social worker at the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey since 2016. In addition to his professional work, he has been active in many professional and human rights organisations. He is currently a board member of the Association of Social Workers, a member of the Human Rights Association, a member of the Kurdish Studies Association and a founding member of the Migration Monitoring Association.

Prediction of amputation risk of patients with diabetic foot using classification algorithms: A clinical study from a tertiary center.

Diabetic foot ulcers can have vital consequences, such as amputation for patients. The primary purpose of this study is to predict the amputation risk of diabetic foot patients using machine-learning classification algorithms. In this research, 407 patients treated with the diagnosis of diabetic foot between January 2009-September 2019 in Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine in the Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine were retrospectively evaluated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the key features associated with the amputation risk in diabetic foot patients within the dataset. Thus, various prediction/classification models were created to predict the "overall" risk of diabetic foot patients. Predictive machine-learning models were created using various algorithms. Additionally to optimize the hyperparameters of the Random Forest Algorithm (RF), experimental use of Bayesian Optimization (BO) has been employed. The sub-dimension data set comprising categorical and numerical values was subjected to a feature selection procedure. Among all the algorithms tested under the defined experimental conditions, the BO-optimized "RF" based on the hybrid approach (PCA-RF-BO) and "Logistic Regression" algorithms demonstrated superior performance with 85% and 90% test accuracies, respectively. In conclusion, our findings would serve as an essential benchmark, offering valuable guidance in reducing such hazards.

RESEARCH ON 21ST-CENTURY SKILLS COMPETENCY PERCEPTIONS OF GENERATION Z

Nowadays, Generation Z is the most discussed generation both in the world and in Turkey. With its unique aspects and skills, this generation is known to have a high potential to impact many areas of life, particularly education and work life. One way Generation Z representatives can be successful and maintain this success in a rapidly changing world is to empower themselves in a field of competency called 21st-century skills. This study aims to determine the level of 21st-century skills competency perceptions of Generation Z representatives (born between 2000-2018) and reveal whether these perceptions differ according to various demographic factors. The research covers a total of 402 Generation Z representatives who are mainly students in two foundation universities in Istanbul and one foundation university in Izmir and, other than the relevant universities, who are from the specified provinces. They were reached using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected by the survey method, and statistical analyses were conducted with the SPSS software. The research results indicate that the 21st-century skills competency perceptions of Generation Z representatives are quite high. Moreover, these perceptions of competency differ in some skill dimensions in terms of gender, age, and studied/graduated field variables. The study is expected to contribute to Generation Z representatives and individuals and institutions that assume the role of guiding these individuals. Furthermore, it is thought that the study will also be useful for the development of the literature covering a limited number of studies that have focused on Generation Z in the context of 21st-century skills.

Light Curves of Some Cataclysmic Variable Candidates in GAIA Observations of TÜBİTAK TUG T60 and Istanbul University IST60

Gaia uyarıları içerisinde 5 adet kataklismik değişen (CV) adayı (Gaia16ahl, 16bnz, 14adn, 16awq ve 21bpe) küçük açıklıklı robotik teleskoplarla (büyük olanlarla da koordineli şekilde) B, V, R süzgeçlerinde ve filtresiz olarak gözlenmiştir. Adayların tanımlamaları şöyledir: 16ahl-CV, 16bnz-bilinmeyen, 14adn-bilinmeyen, 16awq-bilinmeyen ve 21bpe-nova. Gaia’nın G bandında ortalama parlaklıkları da 16ahl(14.9), 16bnz(12.9), 14adn(16.3), 16awq(9.0) ve 21bpe(15.4) kadirdir. Bu Gaia kaynaklarının farklı tarihlerde uzun süreli fotometrik gözlemleri yapılarak ışık eğrileri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre, 16ahl Z Cam türü duraksamalar ve bitiminde parlaklık artışları göstermiştir. B’de 4.2 kadir genlikli derin minimum da görülmüştür. 16adn’nin RR Lyra türü değişen olduğu teyit edilmiştir. 16awq’nun manyetik aktiviteye sahip bir yıldız olması yönü desteklenmiştir. 21bpe, yaklaşık 9 kadirlik bir parlama ile nova patlaması gösterdi ve 7 Haziran 2021’de 6.5 kadir seviyesinde maksimum parlaklığa ulaştı. Patlama sonrası erken iniş evresine ait ışık eğrileri alındı ve novanın bu aşamadaki evrimine fotometrik katkı verilmiştir.

A SCALE DEVELOPMENT TO DETERMINE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO ONLINE EXAMS ASSESSMENT

Purpose: This study aims to develop and validate a scale to determine university students' attitudes toward assessment and evaluation in online exams. Background: Measuring students' attitudes toward online exams is crucial, especially in the context of emergency transitions to online learning and the impact of external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Students' perspectives on online examination practices in higher education institutions are significant in understanding students' attitudes and perceptions of online exams for effective implementation. Method: During the developmental phase of the scale, 13 items were created and presented for expert opinion. The scale propositions are designed to question the compliance of the courses with the curricula in the online education process, the transparency of online exams, and the University's technological infrastructure for online exams. The participants in the study consist of 1095 students studying in different programs at the Vocational Schools of three foundation universities in Istanbul, and they were reached via e-mail. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted. Findings: The results obtained prove that the 13-question scale is valid and reliable and is a good measurement to determine university students' attitudes to online exams. Implications for Research and Practice: Attitudes are likely determinants of academic achievement. Furthermore, utilizing e-tests positively impacts higher education students' performance and participation in online testing. Therefore, it is essential to consider students' attitudes towards online exams to increase academic success in online courses and provide better learning outcomes. Thus, scale development plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge within specific domains of social science research, and it is integral to ensuring the quality and reliability of online exam instruments used in higher education.

Westernization of 'Darülfünun' and its Impacts on Religious Education in Turkish Universities

This study aims to elaborate on and examine Westernization at the first modern university in the Muslim world called Darülfünun and its impact of on religious education in Turkish universities. The study explores the history of the establishment of Darülfünun at the beginning to determine some efforts to Westernize this institution. This research is qualitative with an approach to library study. Data is collected through documentation such as books, articles, and educational policies of the Turkish government over a certain period. This study revealed that Darülfünun, which has now changed its name to Istanbul University, has held several Westernization agendas and inevitably influenced religious education conducted by the other Faculty of Theology in Turkish universities. The secularization and modernization ordered by Atatürk played a significant role in shaping the Turkish educational system. Due to its status as a pioneer of modern universities in Türkiye, Darülfünun has inspired modernization as well as Westernization in universities founded throughout the country.

Awareness of the Protective Measures Against Covid-19 among Turkish Dentists: A Questionnaire Survey

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected the entire world. This study aims to evaluate Turkish dentists’ awareness of and protective measures against COVID-19 infection.
 Methods: A web-based questionnaire consisting of 35 closed-ended and multiple-choice questions was prepared according to Turkish Dental Association guidelines. The questionnaire was divided into three domains: demographic data, precautionary measures, and attitude. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Istanbul University institutional review board. questionnaire was sent to the dentists registered with the Turkish Dental Association. The minimum sample size was calculated as 756 individuals. The Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the difference for categorical variables. Statistical significance was accepted as p< .05.
 Results: A total of nine hundred and ninety-seven questionnaires was analyzed. Five hundred and sixty-three respondents (56.5%) were general dentists, and 434 (43.5%) were specialists. Seven hundred and thirty-five (73.7%) dentists were found to wear disposable gowns, N95/FFP2 masks, and face shields. About half (48.1%) were confident of avoiding infection. Twenty-one (2.1%) subjects were SARS-Cov-2 positive. A majority of both dentists who had COVID-19 (71.4%) and dentists who did not have it (92.7%) agreed that COVID-19 is an occupational risk (p< .001).
 Conclusion: Although nearly two-thirds of the respondents reported using personal protective equipment, greater precautionary measures should be taken by dental staff to protect the patients from COVID-19 and other contagious diseases.

Adaptation of Maker-Based Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Scale (Maker-TPACK) to Turkish for pre-service science teachers

The aim of the study is to adapt the “Maker-Based Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge” scale developed by Ku, Loh, Lin, and Williams (2021) for pre-service science teachers into Turkish. The study group of the research consists of 188 pre-service science teachers studying at the Department of Science Education at three state universities in Istanbul. This study was carried out using exploratory sequential design, one of the mixed method typologies.  As a result of confirmatory factor analyses, it was seen that the scale, which was adapted into Turkish, consisted of 7 sub-dimensions and 27 items, as in the original. These 7 sub-dimensions consist of Content Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, Technological Knowledge, Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Technological Content Knowledge, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. The Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient of the scale is .948. 

Work Accidents: A Bibliometric Analysis of International Literature and the Situation in Turkey

With scientific and technological developments, people's welfare levels have increased. However, occupational accidents still continue to be an important problem in workplaces around the world. The aim of this study is to examine the necessary articles about the active journals, the most publishing countries, the most used keywords and research areas in the international and Turkish literature on occupational accidents. In this study, bibliometric analysis techniques were used to realize the purpose of the research and to find answers to the research questions. Research data were obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) database in June 2023. VOSviewer and Excel software program were used in the analysis of the data. While the highest number of publications on work accidents in the world was made in 2020, it was made in 2019 in Turkey. While the most publications were made in the field of public, environmental and occupational health as a research subject in the world, the most publications were made in the field of emergency medicine in our country. While Brazil is the most broadcasting country in the world, Turkey ranks third. It has been determined that the most widely published magazine in the world is Safety Science magazine and the most frequently used keyword is work accident. In addition, it has been determined that most of the publications addressing Türkiye were made in Istanbul University. As a result, it is seen that the studies carried out on occupational accidents in the world and in Turkey are not sufficient. In order to increase the productivity of the workplaces and the efficiency of the employees, the prevention of work accidents and increasing the number of researches in this field should be the first priority.